PrepCBSE

Is the process which coordinates human efforts, assembles resources and integrates both into a unified whole for the achievement of the organisational objectives.

1. Identification and division of work: Division of work into manageable activities according to the plan.
2. Departmentalisation: activities of a similar nature are grouped together.
3. Assignment of duties: Allocation of job positions according to their skills and competencies.
4. Establishing reporting relationships: that each individual knows from whom he has to take orders and to whom is he accountable.

1. Specialisation: systematic allocation of jobs reduces workload and enable higher productivity as a specific worker performs a specific job regularly.
2. Clarity in working relationships: Clarifies line of communication and removes ambiguity in transfer of information.
3. Optimum utilisation of resources: avoiding duplication of work and minimising wastage of resources and efforts.
4. Adaptation to change: by allowing the enterprise to suitably modified itself according to the changes in business environment by providing a smooth transaction.
5. Effective administration: as clear reporting relationships removes confusion and enables easy and effective administration.
6. Development of personnel: as the delegation of work gives the manager time and opportunity to explore and develop better plans.
7. Expansion and growth: by allowing a business enterprise to add more job positions, departments and even diversify their product lines.

Organisation Structure:

the framework within which managerial and operating tasks are performed.

It refers to grouping of jobs of similar nature under major functions and organising these as separate departments.

1. Functional Specialisation: as a person performs same task regularly.
2. Better control and coordination within department: as there is similarity in task performed.
3. Increases managerial and operational efficiency: as grouping is based on function (job/work) it becomes easier to perform managerial task.
4. Minimizes duplication of work: grouping based on work/function reduces wastage of efforts and resources, more economic.
5. Facilitates Training: as the focus is only on a limited range of skills.

1. Less Emphasis on Organisational: as the objectives pursued by the functional head will be given more importance.
2. Coordination Problem between departments: as the departments are functionally different from each other.
3. Inter-Departmental Conflicts.
4. Inflexibility: people with same skill and knowledge base may not be able to reach to the top management.

organisational structure comprising of separate business units or divisions, created on a certain basis, e.g., product manufactured.

1. Product Specialisation: in this type of structure the personnel have diversified skills and can opt for the higher position.
2. Easy to fix Accountability: as groups are based on products, the divisional head is responsible for the performance of their division.
3. Flexibility and Initiative: as each department is autonomous unit which leads to faster decision.
4. Facilitates Expansion and Growth: enables to the organisation to add new division without disturbing the existing.

1. Conflicts: on issues like allocation of resources.
2. Expensive: as there is duplication of efforts and resources, it makes the operation of the organisation expensive.
3. Negligence of Organisational objective: Divisional Interest are kept over the organisational objectives.

the organisation structure which is designed and established by the management to achieve organizational objectives.

Interaction among people at work gives rise to a 'network of social relationships among employees' called the informal organization.

Delegation refers to transfer of authority from a superior to his immediate subordinate. Delegation refers to the downward transfer of authority from a superior to a subordinate.

1. Authority: means right of an individual to command his subordinates and take action within the scope of his position.
2. Responsibility: Responsibility means the obligation of a subordinate to properly perform the task assigned to him by his superior.
3. Accountability: Accountability means answerability for the final outcome of the assigned work.

1. Employee Development: Delegation gives opportunities to employees to learn new work and to show their skills.
2. Effective Management: due to delegation work is distributed among employees, it allows managers more time to work on more important tasks of organisation.
3. Motivation of Employees: as it assures the scope of promotion and appreciation, they feel themselves as a part of organisation which motivates them.
4. Better Coordination: With the help of elements of delegation one can clearly define powers, duties, and answerability of each position in organisation.
5. Facilitates Growth: Delegation helps in expansion of organisation as it helps in preparation of a ready force of employees to take up leading positions.

Decentralisation means systematic delegation of authority throughout all the levels of the organization.

1. Develops initiative among subordinates: as lower managerial level is given freedom to take decision it helps them to develop proper judgment and confidence on their own decision.
2. Develops managerial talent for the future: decentralisation gives them insight to real world situations and experience of handling them help in development of managerial talent.
3. Quick decision making: as the lower managerial level have freedom within a limit to take decision, it reduces decision taking time, as no need to follow entire communication chain for each decision.
4. Relief to top management: It allows top managers to invest their valuable effort and time towards policy and higher-level decisions making rather than operational decisions.
5. Facilitates growth: as operational divisional heads have better understanding of their department and foster competition among them which generates higher returns.
6. Better Control: it makes possible to evaluate performance and contribution of each level and department towards organisational objectives.